The analysis and perspectives of realization of auto-tourism cluster from the investment project «Samotsvetnoe Koltso Urala»

A Cluster approach to the development of tourism has now become fundamental. 11% of tourist investment projects from the total number of clusters presented the federal target program "Development of domestic tourism in the Russian Federation" are auto-tourism projects. This article is devoted to the perspectives of the development of auto-tourism clusters evidence from the investment project «Samotsvetnoe koltso Urala».Кластерный подход к развитию сферы туризма в настоящее время стал основополагающим. 11% инвестиционных проектов туристских кластеров из общего числа представленных ФЦП «Развитие внутреннего и въездного туризма в Российской Федерации» являются автотуристскими. Данная статья рассматривает перспективы развития кластеров автомобильного туризма на примере «Самоцветного кольца Урала»

The stochastic digital human is now enrolling for in silico imaging trials -- Methods and tools for generating digital cohorts

Randomized clinical trials, while often viewed as the highest evidentiary bar by which to judge the quality of a medical intervention, are far from perfect. In silico imaging trials are computational studies that seek to ascertain the performance of a medical device by collecting this information entirely via computer simulations. The benefits of in silico trials for evaluating new technology include significant resource and time savings, minimization of subject risk, the ability to study devices that are not achievable in the physical world, allow for the rapid and effective investigation of new technologies and ensure representation from all relevant subgroups. To conduct in silico trials, digital representations of humans are needed. We review the latest developments in methods and tools for obtaining digital humans for in silico imaging studies. First, we introduce terminology and a classification of digital human models. Second, we survey available methodologies for generating digital humans with healthy and diseased status and examine briefly the role of augmentation methods. Finally, we discuss the trade-offs of four approaches for sampling digital cohorts and the associated potential for study bias with selecting specific patient distributions

Environmental, biological and social factors contributing to new rises in COVID-19 morbidity in Russia

Morbidity surveys in certain regions during the COVID-19 pandemic have established that the infection spreads in a wave-like manner characterised with peaks and troughs in incidence. According to the analysis of COVID-19 epidemic development in Russia, surges in COVID-19 infections are mainly driven by seasonal factors, insufficient herd immunity, and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with increased transmissibility. The aim of the study was to analyse environmental, biological and social factors contributing to new rises in COVID-19 cases in Russia. The study covers the global epidemiological situation as of mid-2022 and the role of environmental, biological, and social factors in the spread of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation. The results suggest that new highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 variants and seasonality are the principal factors driving new rises in morbidity. The authors assume that the sixth and the seventh COVID-19 waves in Russia will be in line with the best case scenario, which predicts the spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant with increased transmissibility and reduced virulence

Comparative characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines used for mass immunisation

The pandemic of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) disease that began in December 2019 in China is still having a huge impact on all spheres of human life. The herd immunity, which is the most effective tool for preventing the spread of the disease, is formed in two ways: the passive way (i.e., the formation of a population not susceptible to re-infection due to the natural spread of the disease) and the active way (mass immunisation). High rates of COVID-19 vaccination were achieved thanks to the development and mass production of new vaccines. The selection of the most promising vaccine platforms is one of the key aspects of successful mass immunisation. The aim of the study was to compare the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines used for mass immunisation. The paper analyses the vaccine technology platforms, efficacy of different types of vaccines based on clinical trial results, safety of vaccines for different population groups, and potential for scaling up vaccine production in order to ensure the necessary vaccination coverage. The vaccines currently used for mass immunisation are: BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), mRNA1273 (Moderna), Gam-COVID-Vac (N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology), Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson), ChAdOx1-S (AZD1222) (AstraZeneca), BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm), CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech), and NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax). The comparison of the main characteristics of the vaccines demonstrated that the most promising types of vaccines for COVID-19 specific prophylaxis are RNA vaccines and recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccines

The Current State of Vaccine Development for Specific Prophylactics of Arenaviral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Presently, the Arenavirus genus (Arenaviridae family) includes 26 individual species of viruses. It is divided into two main groups – Old World arenaviruses and New World arenaviruses. The New World arenaviruses comprise four clades: А, B, C, D; pathogenic for humans New World arenaviruses are attributed to clade B. Lassa, Lujo, Machupo, Junin, Guanarito and Sabia viruses are the agents of extremely hazardous hemorrhagic fevers (Lassa hemorrhagic fever, Lujo hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Argentinean hemorrhagic fever, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, Brazilian hemorrhagic fever, accordingly). These arenaviruses pose a potential threat to national public health due to the possibility of their accidental importation into the territory of the Russian Federation. The vaccination of risk group is the most effective and money-saving means of protection against epidemic spread. Objective of this review is to analyze the specific preparations for arenaviral hemorrhagic fever prevention that are currently under development. Production of live vaccines based on attenuated strains of the agents, the DNA vaccines, vector recombinant vaccines and vaccines on the basis of RNA-replicons is viewed as the main trends in the area. Тhe most important results in the development of effective prophylactic means against arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers are discussed in this paper

Molecular Mechanisms of Ebola Virus Entry into Permissive Cells

Ebola virus, representative of the Ebolavirus genus, Filoviridae family, causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans, with lethality rates amounting up to 90 %. The members of Ebolavirus genus infect a broad range of mammalian cells. Recent studies indicate that entry of Ebola virus into cells requires a series of cellular protein interactions and molecular mechanisms, some of which are unique to filoviruses, while others are commonly used by all viral glycoproteins. The cellular factors deployed by filoviruses for their entry into permissive cells are defined incompletely. The aim of this review is to analyze peculiarity of the Ebola virus penetration into permissive cells at molecular level. The Ebola virus entry into cells is initiated by the interaction of viral glycoprotein with one or more receptors on the surface of host-cell. The main host-cell factors, involved in filovirus entry, are: attachment factors (cell lectins and human T-cell mucin 1 (TIM-1)), signaling factors (tyrosinkinase receptors and α5β1-integrin), and endolisosomal host-cell factors (cathepsins B and L and Niemann-Pick C1 protein. The study of the complex set of virus entry events provides potential avenues for the development of antiviral therapies against Ebola fever

Composition and medicinal uses of echinacea species in Russia and abroad

The article is an overview of current data on Echinacea purpurea, used in Russia and in the world as a powerful immunomodulator. Related species have a similar composition and are used in the world as analogues, the pharmacological effect of their raw materials and drugs are also discussed in the work.В статье представлен обзор современных данных об эхинацеи пурпурной, применяемой в России и в мире в качестве мощного иммуномодулятора. Родственные виды имеют схожий состав и используются в мире как аналоги, фармакологическое действие их сырья и препараты также представлены в работе

Diagnostics of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome – Disease, Caused by Novel Phlebovirus

In 2009, a novel virus, named severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus, was isolated from a patient in China. The illness caused by this novel virus is characterized by a sudden onset of fever and respiratory or gastrointestinal disorders, followed by progressive thrombocytopenia and leucocytopenia, the case-fatality rate amounting to 6–30 %. Genomic sequencing of the isolated agent indicated that the SFTS virus constituted a new (third) group of Phlebovirus genus, Bunyaviridae family. Presently, different means for specific diagnostics of SFTS (real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, indirect fluorescent antibodies method, enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay) are developed. Constructing of diagnostic kits, basic characteristics of methods for determination of causative agent of infection or specific antibodies against it are considered in this review

Comparative analysis of existing platforms for the development of vaccines against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential

The main triggers of new infectious diseases, including those with pandemic potential, are: spontaneous emergence of infectious strains which are more virulent for humans and contribute to transmission of pathogenic microorganisms, environmental changes, social and economic factors, increased contact rates between different regions. A successful pandemic response requires mass immunisation against a specific disease, aimed at the development of herd immunity which is based on the concept of indirect protection of the whole of the population by immunising a part of it. A well-grounded choice of the vaccine platform is central to dealing with this problem. The aim of the study was to compare characteristics of vaccine platforms (attenuated, inactivated, subunit, recombinant vector, DNA, and RNA vaccines) intended for mass immunisation against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential. The study focused on the members of Poxviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Coronaviridae families as potential pathogens. The vaccine platforms were compared in terms of the following parameters: capability of producing a robust immune response; protective efficacy; time required for vaccine development and testing; ability to produce vaccine in volumes required for mass immunisation; potential obstacles associated with the intended use of the vaccine. It is expected that in the next few decades DNA and RNA vaccine platforms will be most widely used for development of products against dangerous and extremely dangerous viral infections with pandemic potential, regardless of taxonomic groups of pathogens

Tick-borne infection: evaluation of humoral immunity

The article presents an analysis of the humoral immune response in tick-borne infections (tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis) based on an assessment of the level of antibodies of the IgM and IgG classes at different periods of the disease (observation). The antibodies M and G class to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBE) and Lyme Borreliosis (LB) pathogen were detected using ELISA and immunoblotting methods. The results of studies conducted for 2018 on the basis of the MAU Clinical and Diagnostic Center (Yekaterinburg) are usedВ статье представлен анализ гуморального иммунного ответа при клещевых инфекциях (клещевой вирусный энцефалит и Лайм- боррелиоз) на основе оценки уровня антител классов IgM и IgG в разные периоды болезни (наблюдения). Иммуноглобулины M и G к вирусу клещевого энцефалита (КЭ) и возбудителю Лайм-Боррелиза (ЛБ) выявляли с помощью методов ИФА и иммунноблоттинга. Использованы результаты исследований, проведённых в 2018 году на базе МАУ «Клинико- иагностический центр» (город Екатеринбург